New Zealand’s new free commerce settlement (FTA) with the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) is a significant win for either side. Todd McClay, New Zealand’s commerce minister, introduced the long-awaited deal on October 31 along with his counterparts in Doha, Qatar. It’s a outstanding success that’s each years within the making and surprisingly sudden; preparatory conferences for the FTA talks started in 2006.
The GCC is made up of six international locations which can be among the many world’s richest: Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). For New Zealand, the Gulf states are each extremely profitable markets in themselves, but in addition a useful gateway to the broader Center East.
Even with out an FTA, the bloc is already New Zealand’s seventh-biggest export market, shopping for NZ$2.6 billion ($1.6 billion) of exports within the 12 months to June. New Zealand’s dairy and meat merchandise are notably robust sellers within the Gulf, boosted by an urge for food for luxurious and a quest for meals safety in desert climates. The Gulf primarily exports oil-based merchandise to New Zealand in trade, making for a extremely complementary partnership.
Whereas tariffs for promoting into the GCC aren’t excessive – most items appeal to a tariff of simply 5 p.c – the FTA will carry a cachet value excess of its face worth. The take care of New Zealand is simply the third free commerce settlement to be agreed by the GCC. And the Gulf’s solely two present FTAs – with Singapore and the European Free Commerce Affiliation, or EFTA, a grouping of Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland – had been signed greater than 15 years in the past.
New Zealand started its personal negotiations with the GCC across the similar time as Singapore and EFTA, and initially made fast progress. After formal negotiations started in 2007, an settlement on the officers’ degree was reached simply two years later, in October 2009.
The deal was anticipated to be signed on the ministerial degree within the first half of 2010, in all probability throughout a deliberate go to by New Zealand Prime Minister John Key to the Gulf in April of that 12 months. Nonetheless, Key by no means made it. After three personnel had been killed in a Royal New Zealand Air Power helicopter crash close to Wellington on April 25, Anzac Day, the prime minister lower quick his abroad journey to attend the funerals at residence.
Key’s absence actually didn’t assist, nevertheless it wasn’t the actual purpose why the FTA ran aground. Saudi Arabia, the most important of the Gulf states by each space and inhabitants, was by no means on Key’s draft itinerary. Tim Groser, then the New Zealand commerce minister, headed to Riyadh and located himself on the receiving finish of comprehensible Saudi disappointment and frustration over New Zealand’s ongoing moratorium on stay sheep exports that had been in place since 2003.
A distinguished Saudi businessman, Sheikh Hmood Ali Al Khalaf, felt arduous performed by after investing closely in a New Zealand farm that centered on stay exports to the Gulf. For years, New Zealand had advised that stay exports may finally resume, however talks between Wellington and Riyadh had gone nowhere.
New Zealand’s relations with influential Saudi Arabia hit an all-time low level after the 2010 troubles. However New Zealand’s overseas minister on the time, Murray McCully, was decided to discover a method ahead that may make the GCC free commerce deal potential. Working with officers, he hatched a plan that turned often called the Saudi Arabia Meals Safety Partnership, or extra informally, the “Saudi sheep deal.”
The concept rested on a easy precept: whereas New Zealand had banned stay sheep exports for slaughter, on the time exports had been nonetheless permitted for breeding. McCully’s plan was to ship stay sheep to jap Saudi Arabia for a breeding program on a mannequin farm that may additionally showcase the very best of New Zealand’s agricultural expertise and farming practices.
The New Zealand taxpayer funded the deal to the tune of NZ$11.5 million. However unintended penalties, together with the deaths of a whole lot of lambs within the Saudi desert, had been revealed by New Zealand media in 2015. The Saudi sheep deal induced a political firestorm in New Zealand that dragged on for months. Political strain from opposition events even led to an official inquiry by the auditor-general, who finally cleared the overseas minister and others of any wrongdoing in late 2016.
Nonetheless, the Saudis appeared significantly impressed by the efforts put in by McCully to enhance the connection – and possibly additionally by the quantity of political capital that he was prepared to burn on the sheep scheme. Saudi Arabia opened an embassy in Wellington in 2017, reciprocating New Zealand’s personal mission in Riyadh, which had opened in 1985. New Zealand’s bilateral relations with Saudi Arabia had been firmly on the mend – however the FTA remained tantalizingly out of attain.
This time, relations between the Gulf international locations themselves hit the rocks. In 2017, a feud that had been slowly brewing for the reason that 2011 Arab Spring culminated in Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and the UAE out of the blue slicing off all commerce and diplomatic ties with fellow GCC member Qatar. The intense boycott – which noticed Qatari nationals expelled from the three different Gulf international locations in a single day – was not lifted till 2021. Intra-Gulf relations have slowly however steadily healed since then, as evidenced by the choice to conclude the NZ-GCC FTA in Qatar.
After a decade-long hiatus, the formal GCC FTA negotiation course of with New Zealand out of the blue resumed in March 2022. However at the same time as lately as final 12 months, a free commerce settlement with the GCC nonetheless appeared like a extra long-term purpose, judging from the non-committal alerts popping out of Riyadh when New Zealand’s then-Commerce Minister Damien O’Connor visited the GCC Secretariat in August 2023.
In the meantime, with progress on the GCC deal seemingly deadlocked, New Zealand had develop into extra open to different choices. In late 2021, the UAE invited New Zealand to barter a bilateral Complete Financial Partnership Settlement (CEPA). New Zealand initially demurred, anxious {that a} side-agreement with the UAE would upset the broader GCC and notably Saudi Arabia.
Nonetheless, the CEPA was engaging as a result of it might a minimum of ship FTA-like advantages, in addition to expanded cooperation in different areas comparable to funding, with a robust GCC member. The UAE stays New Zealand’s greatest export market within the Gulf, though Saudi Arabia isn’t far behind. After quickly signing CEPAs with international locations starting from India to Israel, the UAE concluded negotiations on a CEPA with New Zealand in September of this 12 months.
Behind the scenes, Abu Dhabi’s new CEPA technique clearly turned a catalyst for reviving the broader GCC FTA course of. The UAE ignited a want for better progress among the many different 5 fiercely aggressive GCC members. They didn’t need, and couldn’t afford, to be left behind within the race for brand spanking new commerce offers. New Zealand’s GCC FTA was again on the desk. It has now been shortly sewn up.
A significant clue {that a} deal was within the offing got here throughout September’s announcement of the UAE CEPA in Wellington. In response to media questioning on how the bilateral CEPA would influence the GCC FTA, UAE Commerce Minister Dr. Thani bin Ahmed Al Zeyoudi stated, “We work on each tracks and often the minute we conclude the bilateral, it quickens the GCC observe. So I’m certain that is going to even transfer the GCC observe a lot sooner.”
And so it has turned out.
Paradoxically, the identical intra-Gulf rivalry that had as soon as hindered the completion of the FTA has develop into a significant component in its success. On the New Zealand finish, it additionally has in all probability not harm {that a} center-right authorities led by the Nationwide Social gathering is again in energy – the identical get together that had invested a lot time and power into the settlement within the mid-2010s. Nonetheless, the FTA is a bipartisan achievement: the groundbreaking work in partaking with the Gulf in early 2000s was undertaken by the Labor Social gathering’s long-serving overseas after which commerce minister, Phil Goff.
From the GCC’s perspective, efficiently concluding a brand new take care of a small Western nation will assist to construct confidence and credibility because the bloc seems to be to signal offers with a lot larger fish comparable to the UK and the European Union.
Whereas New Zealand has historically centered its pursuits on Saudi Arabia and the UAE, Wellington’s curiosity within the different Gulf states is rising. Qatar’s Prime Minister Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdulrahman Al-Thani visited Wellington on a shock journey in August, throughout which the FTA was virtually actually the principle subject of dialogue. There’ll little doubt be alternatives to construct priceless and much-needed deeper ties with Qatar and the opposite three GCC members – Bahrain, Kuwait, and Oman – within the years to come back.
Above all, New Zealand’s free commerce settlement with the Gulf Cooperation Council has been a lesson in strategic persistence. A brand new chapter is starting – and thrilling alternatives await.
This text was initially printed by the Democracy Challenge, which goals to reinforce New Zealand’s democracy and public life by selling essential pondering, evaluation, debate, and engagement in politics and society.